Business Law Cases Summary

Offer ( Topic 3) Is a proposal the acceptance of which establishes the existence of an agreement. It shows a promissory intent. In other words, it is a promise to do or refrain from doing something. – Usually upon condition that the other party agrees to do or refrain from doing something else in return. – Harvey v. Facey Harvey sent to Facey a telegram to buy Bumper Hall Pen. He asks Facey to telegram the lowest price. Facey telegram the lowest cash price ? 900. Harvey says agree to buy for ? 900.Principle: Offer is more than a mere supply of information – Offer must show promissory intent – Australian Wooden Mills v Commonwealth in where the government †offer† did not ask anything in the return – Offer is not Invitation to treat and must be distinguished from ITT Invitation to Treat Is an action by one party which may appear to be a contractual offer but which is actually inviting others to make an offer of their own. Invitation to tre at lacks of promissory intent 1. Boots Case (Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd) Self servicePS sued Boots cash for breach of pharmacy and poison act by selling certain poison not under supervision of registered pharmacist as boots cash is a pharmacy in a self service basis. However, there is one registered pharmacist in the cashier check out point. Principle: In the self service system, the offer is made by customer at the checkout point of sales while the acceptance is made by the cashier at the checkout point of sales as well. 2. Fisher v. Bell Shop Window Bell selling the flick knife which is showed in the window displayed. Bell was sued for offering the knife which is prohibited at that time by tatute. Principle: The display of an article with a price on it in a hop window is merely an invitation to treat. ITT can be an offer if: – Show promissory intent – Limited to who can accept – Limited to what can be accepted Offers to the World At Large Offers that are not directed to any specific person, but to anyone who becomes aware of them. 1. Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Carbolic smoke ball advertise promised reward to anyone who contracting influenza after using their product. To show the seriousness, they placed money ? 1000 in account. Mrs C used it and contracted influenza.Principle: An offer can be made to the world at large. The contract is made to limited portion of public, who perform the condition on the advertisement. And it show promissory intent. Offer must be communicated Offer becomes effectives if it is communicated and there is meeting in mind when they accept it. However, offeree must be aware of its existence and terms. 1. R. v. Clarke Reward for information about murder of 2 policemen. Clarke was arrested and to save himself, he gave the information. Principle: Offer must be accepted with the knowledge of the offer. Respon to Offer Accept – Clarify – Counter Off er – Reject – Do Nothing Counter Offer Rejection of the original offers which make the original offer to an end, and form a new offer. If the Counter Offer being rejected, the original offer will not revive, unless the offeror renew it. 1. Hyde v. Wrench Wrench made an offer to sell his farm to Hyde for ? 1000. Hyde says that he will pay ? 950. Wrench says no, and Hyde say want to pay ? 1000. Principle: Counter offer resulting the original offer to end. It is rejection of the first offer. Counter offer must be distinguished from mere inquiry . Stevenson Jacques v. McLean McLean made an offer to SJ to sell certain iron. In reply, SJ write â€Å"will accept 40 over 2 months†. As it is no reply, SJ write again to accept the 1st offer. Principle: Seeking clarification is not counter offer, but mere inquiry. Only the offeree who are directed to accept the offer by the offeror 1. Boulton v. Jones Jones places offer with old chum Brocklehurst. Boulton had taken over th e business and he filled the offer. Jones refused to pay. Principle: Only the person to whom the offer is directed can accept. Revocation by OfferorRevocation is not valid, unless it is communicated to the offeree. Revocation is valid before acceptance. Purported revocation after acceptance has been communicated is a breach. 1. Dickenson v. Dodds Dodds made an offer open until 9 am on the 12 June. On 11, Dodds sell the house to B, and B has told Dickinson. On 12 at 9 am, Dickinson comes bring the acceptance. Principle: The offer can be revoked indirect or via conduct. Acceptance (Topic 4) Is an absolute and unqualified assent to the terms of the offer, made in the manner specified or indicated by the offeror. 1. Master v. Cameron Masters want to buy Cameron farms.They make a document, signed by both party, indicating the future formal contract to buy the farms. Masters having financial difficulties to buy the farms and sued by Cameron. Principle: Agreement to agree later can’ t be force able. (Condition 3) Conditional Acceptance is not acceptance. Condition can be precedent or subsequent 1. Parties reach agreement but want terms to be written down 2. Parties reach agreement but performance subject to formal agreement 3. Parties didn’t intend to reach agreement subject to formal contract Subject to acceptance is not acceptance at all Manner of acceptance – Stipulation of the offeror Ought to be the same mode as the offer o If stipulated as the only mode, then must comply, otherwise should be equally or more advantageous. 1. Eliason v. Henshaw Eliason made an offer to buy flour from Henshaw and stated to reply by wagon. Henshaw is reply by post. Principle: if the method had been stipulated, it must comply otherwise, more advantageous. Postal Rule states that where acceptance by mail is contemplated, acceptance occurs immediately when the letter is posted RULES: Acceptance is complete when a properly addressed and stamped letter of acceptance is dropped in the mail box 1. Adam v. Lindsell nd Sept, Lindsell posts offer to sell wool, and requires acceptance â€Å"in the course of post†. On 5th Sept, the offer received by A, and posted it. On 8th Sept, L sold wool to X. On 9th Sept, A’s acceptance arrives. Principle: An acceptance is complete as soon as it is properly posted. Negating Postal Rule By using the term as â€Å"acceptance must be received by† or application close 1. Nunin Holdings v. Tullamarine Estates Nunin offered to buy a land from Tullamarine, via post. On May ’88 Nunin sends offer to purchase land. On June 16 Tullamarine sends a contract. On 5 September Nunin signs and mails back.On 12 September Tullamarine signs and sends back. On 13 September Tullamarine attempts to revoke before Nunin receives mail. Nunin had indicated at the start that the postal rule did not apply as it was stated in the mails on 5 September that the circumstance was receipt of the identical executed part, not its posting. Principle: The Postal Rule can be negated if this is made clear at the start of negotiations. Instantaneous Communication Postal rule didn’t apply in here. Acceptance By: Telex, Fax, E-mail, Web Form is not effective by simply sending it. The offeror must receive the acceptance then the contract can be formed. . Entores v. Miles Far East Co London co makes telex offer to Amsterdam co. Amsterdam Company accepts via telex. A contractual dispute arises. Principle: With instantaneous communication, the contract is complete as soon as the acceptance is received and at the place where it is received. Silence cannot be stipulated as the required manner of acceptance. 1. Felthouse v. Bindley F offers to buy a horse for ? 30/15/. â€Å"If I hear no more – I’ll consider the horse mine†. Principle: An offer cannot stipulate silence as a manner of acceptance, and acceptance requires positive mental assent.Acceptance can be communicated by conduct or words. 1. Brogden v. Metro Rail Written offer drawn up and sent. It never specifically accepted, but subsequent dealings were according to its terms. Principle: Acceptance can take the form of conduct. Intention (Topic 5A) The Presumption is with purely domestic, social, or voluntary arrangements it is presumed that the parties do not intend to create a legally enforceable agreement. Domestic 1. Balfour v. Balfour Husband agrees to pay monthly allowance ? 30 to wife while they are apart. Husband fails to pay & wife sues.Principle: A domestic arrangement is not intended to have legal effect. However the presumption can be easily rebuttable. 1. Wakeling v. Ripley Family give up job and move to live with wife’s brother. Brother promised to leave them his property. Dispute arises & Brother reneges on the promise. Sister & husband sue Brother for breach of contract. Principle: A definite agreement in serious circumstances will rebut the presumption. 2. McGregor v. McGregor Husband and wife issue assault charges against each other. They agree to settle the maintenance payment, living apart, etc. They are still legally married.Husband fails to pay maintenance. Principle: An agreement between husband & wife can be binding if they intend it to be a legally enforceable contract. Business & Commercial Such agreements are presumed to have the intention to be legally binds, however the presumption can’t be easily rebuttable. 1. Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Contents (Topic 6) [pic] The Parol Evidence Rule Where a contract is reduced to writing and appears to be entire, it is assumed that all the terms of the contract will be contained in it and No extrinsic evidence can add to or vary the written contract 1.Henderson v. Arthur Written lease of theatre with rent of ? 2,500 p. a â€Å"CASH†. T paid by cheque because the L had verbally stated â€Å"Don’t worry, a cheque is okay†. L sued for late rent payment. T said he paid by cheque but L now refused it. Principle: No extrinsic evidence can add to or vary the written contract. EXCEPTIONS: Partly written, partly oral contracts 1. Van Den Esschert v. Chappell Before Signing Contract To Purchase A House C Asks â€Å"Is The House Free Of White Ants (Termites)? † Van de Replied â€Å"Yes Of Course. If There Had Been Any I Would Have Taken Steps To Eradicate Them. Written Contract Makes No Mention Of â€Å"White Ants†. The House Turned Out To Have Termites Principle: Partly written and partly oral contracts don’t apply on Parol Evidence Rule. Sometimes A Verbal Term Can Be Included In The Contract, If It Doesn’t Contradict The Written Part. Nothing mentioned in the contract about the white ants Oral statement Representation or Term Representation Oral statement that is not intended to be bind Terms Oral or written statement that are intend to be bind Factor to decide it is term or representation – Time lapse before contracting – V erbal or Written Special knowledge or skill – Importance of the statement 1. Oscar Chess v. Williams W purchased a car from O, a registered dealer. He traded in his â€Å"1948† Morris (? 290). It turned out to be A 1939 Morris (? 175). The dealer sued for the difference in trade in values (? 115). Principle: The buyer does not have special skill or knowledge in car. Therefore, it is a representation as the dealer is supposes to know it better. 2. Dick Bentley v. Harold Smith Dealer wrongly stated that a vehicle â€Å"has done 20,000 miles† since the engine & gearbox was replaced. But it was more like 100,000 miles.Principle: The buyer relied on the special knowledge of the dealer. The dealer was in a position to know the true mileage. [pic] Condition Major Breach Going â€Å"To the Root of the Matter†. Non-breaching Party May: – Terminate The Contract. – Elect To Continue. – Sue for Damages. 1. Poussard v. Spiers P, an opera singer en gaged to perform from 28th Nov. P, falls ill & cannot attend until 4th Dec. Opening night is 28th. On 25th S&P hire another singer. Principle: Attending the night party is the root of the contract. Where a breach goes to the root of the matter, there is a breach of condition term.Warranties Minor Breach not going to the root of the matter. Non-breaching Party May: – Sue for Contractual Damages. – Not elect to terminate the contract. 1. Bettini v. Gye B, an opera singer contracts for 3 month season & to arrive for rehearsals 6 days before opening night. Due to illness B showed up only 2 days before. G terminates & sues for damages. Principle: A clause, not vital to the completion of an agreement is a warranty; (B was available for all performances). Innominate Term A term which is capable of either a major or minor breach. Major Breach => Can terminate the contract.Minor Breach => Payment of compensation. 1. L Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd W contracts with S to sell S’s Machinery and to visit customers once a week. Contract describes the weekly customer visits as a â€Å"condition†. Machinery is sold but weekly visits do not happen. S terminates the contract & sues for damages. Principle: The weekly visit term was capable of major and (as in this case) minor breach, so it was innominate. The status of contractual terms is a matter of fact, not mere description. Effect of Signature Someone who signs a document is DEEMED to have read understood and agreed to its contents. . L’estrange v. Graucob L purchased vending machine signed but did not read contract. Machine defective but contract basically said â€Å"not responsible for defects†. Principle: If you sign something, then you have read, understood and agreed to it. There was no fraud or misrepresentation. L could not bring an action for breach of contract. Effect of Signature exception: 1. Misrepresentation. 2. Document does not appear contractual. 1. Cur tis v Chemical Cleaning & Dyeing Co C took a wedding dress to CCD for dry-cleaning. C asked to sign a receipt excluding CCD from damage to buttons & sequins.The receipt contained an exclusion from any liability whatsoever. The dress was returned stained & C sues. CCD tries to rely on the printed & signed receipt. Principle: Misrepresentations create an exception to the signature rule. Exclusion Clause Contract terms which excludes or limits the liability of one party. Where an exclusion clause in a â€Å"non-contractual† (not expected to contain terms of the contract e. g. voucher) a reasonable notice of the clause at that time of contracting will render if enforceable BASE RULE: If the exemption clause is in a signed document, it is binding. 1.Causer v. Browne Printed on a dry cleaning ticket: â€Å"NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR DAMAGE TO ARTICLES â€Å". C handed in frock which was returned damaged. C sues. Principle: The document was non-contractual in nature. A reasonable perso n would not expect to find contractual terms on it. 2. Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd T parked his car in an automatic car park & received a ticket. Sign at the entrance listed terms of use. One was â€Å"cars parked at owners’ risk†. Ticket referred to the terms of use. BUT notice was small and not conspicuous. T seriously injured when collecting his car & sues car park.Principle: T’s attention was not brought to the specific existence of the clause in a way that could be described as reasonable. Ticket was also issued when T could not revoke his offer. Furthermore, this was T’s first use of the car park. 3. Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd O booked in to hotel & paid for 1 week’s stay in advance. When O got to the room there was a sign on the wall disclaiming liability for loss of personal effects. O’s personal effects were stolen & O sued the hotel for the loss. Principle: A clause that is notified after the contract is formed is not part of the contract. Doctrine of Privity (Topic 7b)A person cannot incur obligations or gain rights under a contract to which they are not a party. Beneficiary can’t sue 1. Tweddle v. Atkinson On engagement, father & father-in-law agree to each pay the future husband ? 100. The father-in-law didn’t pay. Principle: â€Å"†¦ no stranger (to the contract) can take advantage of it, although made for his benefit†. Therefore, he can’t sue his father in law. Execption: Joint Promises 1. Coulls v. Bagots Executor Mr. Coulls made an agreement with O’Neil to quarry Coulls’s property, and to pay the royalty to him and to Mrs. Coulls. Not long after, Mr. Coulls dies.Principle: The contract must have been made with you as well as the other party even though the other party didn’t contribute any consideration, contract still exist. Mrs. C was not a joint promisee. If she is, then she can claim Property Law Act 1969 Where a contract expressly in it s terms purports to confer a benefit directly on a person, who is not named as a party to the contract, the contract Is†¦ Enforceable by that person in his own name but every person named as a party†¦ shall be joined to the action. Must have 2 Conditions: – Has be name beneficiaries in the contract – Join in the legal action 1.Westralian Farmers v. SMP Sale of stock from K to SMP. Contract requires SMP to pay commission to WF. Principle: S. 11 (2) PLA enables WF to sue if K is also named as co-defendant. It is also known as â€Å"joining†. Therefore WF entitled the commission. Termination (Topic 9) a. Discharge by performance Contract can be terminated when obligation (paying, transferring or other act of service etc. ) is performed: as agreed in the contract and within the time agreed. General Rule: Performance must be exact to be effective 1. Cutter v Powell Seaman signs on from Jamaica â€Å"†¦ To the port of Liverpool†¦ † He died a bout 3/4 of the way.The widow wants to claim the ? of his pay. Principle: The performance of a contract must be exact to be effectively discharged. It is an â€Å"entire† contract Exception: a. Where the contract is ‘divisible’ Divisible contract is a contract in where instead of doing for entire contract we can do it divisibly. b. The doctrine of substantial performance Pay full amount but subtract some amount to ratify the service. (Was treated as performed and payment was reduce for work not done) 1. Hoenig v. Isaac Contract is made for redecoration of flat for ? 750. Work was not done satisfactorily and cost ? 55 to repair.Principle: If contract is substantially performed then subtract the cost of fixing it. The contract is performed even it is partially defective. Therefore, ? 750-? 55 b. Discharge by Frustration Frustration = an intervening, dramatic situation rendering performance impossible or radically different from what the parties had in mind. A perso n was required to carry out their contract, no matter what 1. Paradine v. Jane P leased land to J. J was dispossessed by an invading prince. J refused to pay rent. Principle: Parties, who voluntarily enter into contracts, must perform all their obligations irrespective of what happens.They are â€Å"absolutely liable†. Therefore, J must pay the land, even though he is not occupy the land Because there are unfair things happen in Paradine v Jane case, therefore some exception in frustration is applied. It is apply because a. Contract is impossible to perform because of an event b. Nobody’s in the contract are fault c. Note ‘unforeseeable’ here means not provided for in the contract, not ‘impossible’ 1. Taylor v. Caldwell Fire burns down concert hall. The promoter does not have to continue to pay rent Principle: When, without fault of any party. The subject matter of the contract ceases to exist.The contract is discharged by ‘frustrationâ €™. Therefore, no more rent fees. 2. Krell v. Henry Contract was made to hire a flat for 1 day, to view the coronation procession of Edward VII. Coronation postponed. Principal: Where the entire basis of the contract does not occur the contract is discharged by frustration. Therefore, rent is not paid. 3. National carriers v. Panalpina LTD P leased a warehouse from N for 10 years. Road closed for 20 months. P refused to pay rent for those months. Principal: The purpose could still be substantially achieved, performance was not radically different.The contract was not frustrated. Therefore, the rent should be paid. Remedies 3 basic of remedies; 1. Discharge (for material breach) Contracts can be discharged if a breach is material. But – make sure it is actually a breach and not performance or frustration. 1. Green v Sommerville G contracts to sell land to S – settlement fails when S has no funds. Later G rents property to S in anticipation of settlement – 6 m onths later G rescinds the contract. Principle: the right to rescind not available. Conduct of G amounted to affirming the contract. The contract was enforceable against G by S. MATERIAL: Justifies election to terminate – MINOR: Substantial performance. Does NOT justify termination by the innocent party. 2. Damages (for material or minor breach) Is a monetary compensation for loss caused by the breach. Breach can be: – MATERIAL: Breach of Condition or major breach of innominate term. – MINOR: Breach of Warranty or minor breach of innominate term. Rules of Damages – Must not be too remote. – Are compensatory / quantum, (calculation), of damages. – Must be mitigated. – Can be pre-agreed a) Rule of Remoteness For damages to be recoverable the loss must: a) Arise naturally from the breach {be reasonably foreseeable} – given reasonable current standards†¦ or: (b) Have been contemplated as a probable result of the breach 1. Hadl ey v Baxendale A contract made for the transportation of a crankshaft. It was breached by delay. Mill shut down for longer than expected, production lost. Principle: the mill owner can’t claim the profit on the lost production. Where two parties have made a contract which one of them has broken, the damages which the other party ought to receive in respect of such breach of contract should be such as might fairly and reasonably be considered either: . arising naturally, that is, according to the usual course of things, from such breach of contract itself, or b. Such as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties at the time they made the contract, as the probable result of the breach of it. † Because the carrier did not know the machine was a vital part of the mill, he did not see it as probable that the mill would close down. Therefore he was not liable. 2. Victoria Laundry v. Newman Laundry buys boiler. Delivery required in June. Laund ry begins negotiating for lucrative new dyeing deal.But delivery delayed until November. Deal lost. Principle: ‘type’ of losses must be foreseen as a ‘serious possibility’. Therefore, the laundry can claim lost production, not lost new deal. Quantum of Damages Means the calculation of damages (Main Principle) The injured party is entitled to be placed in the same position that they would have been in if the contract had been performed†. *Damages compensate for loss suffer 1. Commonwealth v. Amann Aviation Contract was made for coastal surveillance. AA sets up, modifying planes, training staff etc, but wasn’t ready on time to start contract.C terminated, but being a breach of warranty only, C’s termination is not justified – placing C in breach. Principle: The injured party is entitled to be placed in the same position that they would have been in if the contract had been performed†. Therefore, the damages is awarded *Damages can be awarded for loss of a chance 1. Howe v. Teefy Lease of a racehorse for 3 years. Owner takes horse back after 3 months. Principle: Just because losses are â€Å"extremely difficult to quantify† doesn’t mean they won’t be ordered. This is â€Å"Loss of a Chance†. Therefore possible lost prizes can be claimed. Damages can’t be claim from loss of enjoyment or entertainment unless the fruit of the contract say so 2. Baltic v. Dillon Cruise liner sinks. Passenger sues for damages for disappointment & distress. Principle: While such damages are not usually given, this contract is to provide a relaxing holiday. This was the essence of the entire contract i. e. â€Å"†¦ The fruit of the contract is not provided†¦ † Therefore, the passenger can sue for disappointment and distress. *Damages must be mitigated Reasonable steps must be taken to minimise the loss. *Damages can be pre-agreedLiquidated damages arise from the parties agreeme nt to pay stated sum in the event of breach as long as it is a genuine pre-estimate and not a penalty 1. Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd. v New Garage & Motor Co. Ltd. D contracts with N to supply tires provided that N will sell them at D’s preferred price. Contract provides that damages will accrue to D in the amount of ? 5 per tire for each tire sold below D’s price. Principle: The amount stated was a genuine pre-estimate of the loss to D. therefore, the clause is not penalty. Equitable remedies SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE Court order to carry out some act (perform the contract).It is not available in many circumstances. 1. Green v Sommerville G contracts to sell land to S – settlement fails when S has no funds. Later G rents property to S in anticipation of settlement – 6 months later G rescinds the contract. Principle: No two pieces of land are identical. G affirmed the contract & it should be performed as agreed. Damages will not compensate adequately. INJUNCT ION Court order prohibiting some act (breaching the contract). Not available in many circumstances. RESTITUTION â€Å"Quantum meruit† – â€Å"as much as he has earned†. No-one should benefit from â€Å"unjust enrichment†. Not available to a party in breach.

Ellasaurus Product Essay

Ellen will use some copyrighted illustrations from her books on the Website. She will also include themes from the story lines of her books in some of the games that will be available (free) on the site to registered visitors. What are at least two intellectual property issues that might arise in the operation of the website? The first intellectual issue in the operation of the website will be in relation to the copyrighted illustration and contents which will be used on the website. Ellen will need to ensure that such use of copyrighted content does not violate intellectual property laws and due permission and authorization is taken from the owners of such copyrighted content, ie, the publisher of the books. Secondly, the games used on the website should be proprietary and if such games are taken from another website, permission from the owner of such content should be taken in advance. Ellen cannot display any proprietary or copyrighted content from another website or from any other source. Permission should be taken in advance and legal formalities should be completed before using any such material. What are some of the potential ethical issues that Ellen faces because of the ages of her intended audience? The primary ethical issue, due to the age of the target audience, is that the content of the website should be carefully developed so as to ensure that it is fully appropriate for the children and kids visiting the website. The owner of the websites should be ethically conscious in creating content that does not impart any wrong message to small kids and should enhance their knowledge and does not result in any harm. For example, the site should not display pornographic content. What are some of the laws with which the site must comply with when it registers site visitors under the age of 13? What are some recommendations regarding how Ellen can best comply with those laws? One of the laws is that the site does not knowingly collect or solicit Personally Identifiable Information from or about children under 13 except as permitted by law. Another one is that Company will not disclose information collected from children under the age of thirteen (13) (or from adults for that matter) to third parties unless indicated otherwise or in special cases where Company has reason to believe that disclosure is necessary to identify, contact or bring legal action against someone who may be causing injury to or interference (whether intentionally or unintentionally) with Company’s rights or property or anyone else who may be harmed by such actions or if required by law Ellen can best comply with such laws by hiring the services of a lawyer or legal professional who has significant expertise with cyber laws.

Thomas Hart Benton

Thomas Hart Benton was born in Neosho, Missouri in 1889. His family had a notable political history: his father being a congressman. Benton’s family had a political career planed for him from the beginning. To this he always rebelled, as he had a natural inclination towards art. In 1907 the artist began his studies at the Art Institute of Chicago. However two years later he decided to travel to Paris to continue his studies in the capital of the classic academic art. He learned many European styles and tried them all by turns, but neither of them would connect with his personal vision.It was the beginning of the 20th century and the esthetic perception of people was confused by the successive parading of many different movements that lived shortly and were replaced by new ideas. The world of art was then unsteady and in constant motion. Benton eventually eliminated all the modern influence and turned to his own style, a mixture of other European visions, that blended together to create an exclusive, very personal approach to the realistic idea. He decided to look for his own style as he returned to the States four years later.He worked as a draftsman for the United States Navy in 1919 and this period changed his technique dramatically. During this stage he created many sketches portraying ship life, which gave him a new perspective and subject for his future work: the use of simple life scenes as theme for his pictures. The artist adopted the new style of Scene Painting and began to create works of art in a more realistic and traditional perspective, joining the style known as Regionalism, that was taking over the American interest of the era.Between the 1920 and 1940 there was an artistic phenomenon in America known as Scene Painting. It was a style of naturalist tendency that evolved from the instability that World War I caused into the mentality of people. Many American artists began to reject the modern esthetic ideas that migrated from Europe to New York and they started to pursue a return to the academic vision. The search for realistic representation drew their attention towards urban and rural scenes.Most of those works bring together the balance between the romanticism of the American everyday life, combined with the nationalist vision of the period. Some pieces portray typical scenes from small towns, in a kind of social art style that displays the realism of the typical living. Some concentrated on country scenes while others preferred to illustrate the urban ambiance. The style known as Regionalism is mostly concentrated on small-town scenes. This movement grew in America in the first half of the 20th century as artists rejected the city life and turned their attention towards the rural side of society.In a country where everything was focused on progress, modernization and fast-growing technology, the charms of rural life attracted the interest of the artists almost in the same way that Far East appeal had stimulated t he creative imagination of Romanticist painters. During the Great Depression this style was greatly appreciated because it brought the spirit of the American quiet life of the heartland, at a time when people were concerned, panicked and threatened by the very modern world they had worshipped so far, that seemed to be collapsing.The peaceful images of the country life were reassuring in the middle of the chaos. The fall of Wall Street, the Great Depression and the growing fascism in Europe brought a period of auto-reflection in America and a rising isolation towards Europe, in the artistic scene as well as the political stage. In the eyes of many Americans the abstractionism of modern European art symbolized an emergent decadence of European culture, a lack of imagination that demonstrated a poor state of spirit in the old world.This provoked the return to the realistic art of images and the pursuit for something truly and purely American to adopt as subjects for future works. Toget her with social realism, the Regionalists produced images about the United States that covered subjects going from the sinister loneliness of the country fields to the arrogance and splendor of a new rural paradise. Scenes portraying country houses and farms by Charles Burchfield and the desolated images of the urban America of Edward Hopper create an intense sensation of loneliness and despair.The expressionistic and fantastic style used in those pieces offer the paintings a desolated aspect that reminds the viewer of the boring quotidian existence of a provincial community. This is a quality that might pass as poetic, fantastic, romantic and deeply psychological. With the many changes going on in the country, the American public and artists gradually detached from the European style they had formerly admired. The vogue was no longer to accept the Parisian taste, or pursue French artists established in New York.A new generation was searching for a pure American vision, a form of ar t that would illustrate the typical American scenes, from their local points of view. Regionalism was â€Å"a reaction against the European domination of American art† (Brady M. Roberts, (1995) p. 1) Between the effects of the war, the Great Depression and the fast paced modernization chase, the United States seemed like a very hard place, cold, rough and threatening.Scene Paintings suggest the transitory lives of people that come and go, but also suggest the steady situation of characters trapped in the eternal routine of rural existence, creating a very psychological atmosphere, that contrasts with the image of the cold stone-made civilizations Americans lived in. Rural was at the same time exotic and common, and offered a great subject for artists since it combined open nature, landscape and everyday scenes. Regionalist style had its main period around the 1930 to 1935.

Marketing Plan of Dining Hall Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Plan of Dining Hall - Research Paper Example The dining plan has been customized as per the nutritional requirements of the students and also, the preferences designed by the student body and authorities (University of Delaware, 2013a). The students have been authorized to change the dining plan after submitting the plan to the student body (University of East London, 2013).Analysis & Comparison between the Delaware University Dining & OthersThe dining services offered by Delaware University are very popular but still, the services offered by The University of Newark and Rutgers University has gained more recognition throughout the entire region.   Some of the important dining services offered by this university campus are as follows:  Newark University  Thus, it has been observed that the dining plan, ranges, meals and their prices vary accordingly to the likes and preference of the students. Most of the students in Newark University and Rutgers University campus have the authority to change the menu as per their prefere nces and it is not even a time consuming process like, that of University of Delaware. The meals in the university campus of Newark and Rutgers are popular for their timely delivery for social purposes and also, to the students in residential campus. Both the university campus dining services are more or less focused on providing student oriented dining facilities (Washington University, 2013a). The kitchen staff in University of Delaware is more focused on designing the menu as per the nutritional requirements in collaboration with the student.... ation A questionnaire was distributed to the students of various departments of the college and the staff working in the kitchen department of the four dining restaurants. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed to the college student and the staff working in the kitchen departments. The results differed completely from both the survey conducted on the staff and the students. Analysis through Current Menu Offerings Apart from the distribution of survey, the current menu was analyzed and the less favored menu was identified. Current Menu of University Of Delaware Pencader Dining Hall: Home food (whole meals), Soup, Salad, Grilled, Bread, Desserts Kent Dining Hall: Italian Food, Soup, Salad, Vegetarian Food, Sour Bread, Desserts Rodney Dining Hall: Wholesome meal in chicken and vegetarian meal, Soup, Salad, Noodles, Bread, Desserts Russell Dining Hall: Wholesome home meal, Soup, Salad, Grilled, Bread, Desserts The above menu is standardized for all the restaurants but all of them have different food items and the nutritional content is displayed in the official website. The first year students and the fresher are supposed to choose their dining plan as suggested by the college authorities (Tsai & Lin Lin, 2013). The dining plan has been customized as per the nutritional requirements of the students and also, the preferences designed by the student body and authorities (University of Delaware, 2013a). The students have been authorized to change the dining plan after submitting the plan to the student body (University of East London, 2013). Analysis & Comparison between the Delaware University Dining & Others The dining services offered by Delaware University are very popular but still, the services offered by The University of Newark and Rutgers University has

SUMMARY Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

SUMMARY - Article Example In the developed world, older siblings are mandated to take care of their younger siblings in circumstances where the parents have gone to work and other rare situations when the parents are away. On the other hand in less developed countries it is an obligation for the older sibling take care of the younger siblings in all situations which include meeting some of their financial needs, mentorship, seeing them transit from one level to another. The nature of sibling relationship is influenced by factors such as age, sex, order of birth, number of siblings and treatment by parents. Researchers have shown that birth order has a lot to do with how siblings relate with each other. Being a firstborn is attached to a lot of expectations and responsibilities as opposed to other order of births. Firstborn have a lot of duties to fulfil as well as several points to prove not only to their parents but to the entire society. Birth order therefore has a strong influence on the personality and behavior of an individual throughout their entire lives. However other factors that influence character and behavior such as heredity, competency, and peer influence among others should also be considered in equal measure when analyzing behavior among

Market Research for Banking Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Market Research for Banking Industry - Essay Example However, situations changed and matters about financial growth caused a lot of individuals lose sight of the possibility of losing track of the development and falling off the trail towards freedom and financial progress. This is what has happened among bank industries as they face the world's most devastating situation of global financial crisis. The imbalance of monetary distribution has now caused many ordinary people who were basically the main clients of local bank branches are now opting to spend their money than save it since what they are earning now is just enough for their daily needs. Meanwhile, those who have better options of saving some of their earnings are becoming cautious about picking the right bank to which they are to invest their money in. In this regard, the banking industry has become a much sceptical commercial branch that needs to be supported through advancement and systemic progress at present so as to allow the smaller financial institutions such as local and rural banks to have at least a "say" in the current competition that they are involved in which practically includes the bigger names of larger banking organizations. In the study that follows, a proposal of a proper research on how bank consumers view their bank hosts and how they are able to choose over a lot of financial organizations offering them different options of service and saving shall be presented and discussed. This discussion is expected to have a great impact in the process by which smaller banking entities are able to operate successfully in the industry that they have chosen to join. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Formulation of Research Propositions 5 2. The Focus Group 6 3. Observations and Analysis 7 4. Interview Probe 8 4.1 Sample Population 13 4.2 Control of Variables Involved 13 4.3 Handling Ethical Issues 14 5. Case Study Presentation 14 6. Expectations 15 7. References 16 1. Formulation of Research Propositions Banks are of course are among the most important institutions in the human society today. Being the bonds that hold the finances of the people, they also stand as the epitome of the society's development when it comes to economic advancement. However, with the peak of the global financial crisis happening at present, it could not be denied that banks too have quite lost the attracting factor that they have on target clients years before the crisis began. With all these issues impending to affect the decisions of bank consumers, it could seen how the level of interest that the people have towards the intensity of their investments and how they are to manage their earnings that involves bank based investments have already decreased. Saving up money may be only a second priority to many as not so many have any spare budget to save in the bank anymore (WSB, 2009 , Internet) . Apparently, average families earn only as much as they could use for the day and have at least only 20% of their annual income actually dedicated to savings. (Rothbard, 1983, 45) Yes, although banks had been the worldwide economic backbone on the past, it could still not be denied that the entire procedure of taking into consideration the fact that this industry is already at its

Marketing Communication Manager for Local Chain of Fast-food Assignment

Marketing Communication Manager for Local Chain of Fast-food - Assignment Example The market, contribution, and limitation of competitors are central to competitor analysis (Sekhar 2010 p.67). And it is a systematic review of competitor’s activities for gaining competitive advantage (Harris 2009 p.24). KFC remains the most important challenge for the Burger Hut. KFC has spread across the world and has largely been able to open various branches and franchises in almost all countries, including in the mainland China. Furthermore, it has been observed that the KFC has largely been to retain its current market share in China. And its current market share and market position have largely been supported by various factors. KFC has a strong brand image. Brand and quality are two words that are mostly used interchangeably. And when this is applied to KFC, it can be easily extracted that they collectively represent KFC’s image in the minds of its customer. It is relevant to highlight that it is the prime contribution of KFC brand image that has enabled the company to retain its market share in China and in other countries where it is currently operating. It would not be incorrect to say that effective marketing strategy has also played its role in making the KFC brand image more competitive and unique as well. The KFC has adopted different marketing strategy in which it gives more importance to all those methods which enable the company to penetrate the different markets. For example, in some countries, the KFC has opened up its branches and in other countries; it has issued the franchise ownership to the local investors.

On The Box Assessment 2011 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On The Box Assessment 2011 - Essay Example The American Airlines Advert of â€Å"James Gandolfini on New Yorkers† has described a big picture of how busy the lives of New Yorkers. The imageries tell the viewers that New York has busy activities inside and it seems that New York is a never ending city. When you look up to the beeping taxi, it reflects how demanding the New Yorkers are. Based on my views, the advert also draws the condition of how New Yorkers want perfection in every single aspect of their lives; but the perfection they want is not always supported by comfortable situation that can make them happy. As the conclusion of the advert imagery, The American Airlines gives solution to what has been faced by the New Yorkers regarding their demand of perfection. What really makes this advert having representative imagery mostly because of the real circumstances shown; like the yellow taxi, New York City view from the landscape, and citizens` activity. Even someone who has not visited New York could feel as if he is in the city; the feeling is particularly represented by the use of black limo and yellow taxi which actually gives picture of night and day life in New York City. If imagery influences viewers to their visual assumption, advert might also need music as a part of the purpose delivered. Music is an art form whose medium is sound which has pitch that governs melody and harmony, rhythm that its associated concepts are tempo, meter, and articulation, dynamic, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (â€Å"music† on wikipedia.org). Analyzing the intro music on this American Airlines advert, personally I feel like entering a cozy dining place; it seems that as a customer I am treated well and be welcomed as a very important person. The music sounded for this advert is rather classical one and it releases viewers from stress feeling. It has emphasized an impact to busy lifestyle by sounding classical piano on the advert. Even though in the middle of this advert there are sou nds of distraction - like when the driver yells to someone outside the car – but this advert concludes nicely at the end. As I imagine, the music used on this advert can be said like an egg; wrap well, but it is fragile and ready to pop out anytime. The cover of the egg is the intro and the end of the music played, while the content of the egg is the terrible disturbance during the middle part of the advert. Based on this analysis, it gives a philosophy drawn for the American Airlines that their service cannot be cracked easily if they keep the good work and give the best pleasure to the passengers. The American Airlines strongly make the egg on its position in comfortable refrigerator. To sum up, its music on this advert convinces the passengers not to be worried at all using their services. Imagery and music are two important parts for an advert to be published, but to convince the viewers more, language style is needed to be designed well too. For an understanding, languag e may refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, or to a specific instance of such a system of complex communication; in which the approximate of 3000-6000 languages are spoken by humans today (â€Å"language† on wikipedia.org). Communication is a very basic importance for people to reach understanding and agreement; without communication, every single aspect in this life would

International Business Machines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business Machines - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  the Global Service business line provides the clients with business solutions and insights as well as Information Technology infrastructure. Even though most of the solutions are from the IBM systems and software, the corporation can engage in outsourcing if needed by the clients. According to CSI Market (2015), approximately 60 % of IBM's external Global Services annual revenue comes from maintenance and outsourcing arrangements. The Global Technology Services provide business process services and information technology services to the clients. It uses the IP integrated services and unique technology to ensure that the business value of its customers is improved. The business line enables the clients to benefit from the IBM's leading edge services, flexibility, outcomes, improved productivity and high-quality services.  As the report stresses  Global Business Services business line aims to deliver business outcomes to its clients in a more pra cticable manner. The business line attains its goal through the Application Management Services and Consulting. The business line ensures that the IBM solutions and content are integrated, and the clients are taken through a growth process. It ensures that the IBM capabilities and experts help the clients transform in market trends response. The activities are done through the segments of Front Office Digitization and Globally Integrated Enterprise.

Global Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Corporate Strategy - Essay Example This was despite the fact that industry trends clearly suggested for formation of strategic alliances rather than entering into any merger. The merger became successful because both the firms were critically able to utilize their core competencies and dynamic capabilities besides achieving the synergies. There have been many factors which created the overall synergies for the new firm to develop itself into a leading global firm in airline industry. This paper will discuss as to how the new firm Air France-KLM was able to use its core competencies and dynamic capabilities to achieve the success it achieved after 2004 merger. Core Competencies Core Competencies of a firm are specific set of skills which an organization executes in order deliver more value for its customers. (Shaabani, Ahmadi, & Yazdani, 2012). One of the core competencies of the new firm was the creation of a larger network which came into existence after the merger. Both Air France and KLM were operating largest and busiest routes in Europe and as a result of the merger, the new firm had an access to a large network and resultantly achieved an advantage which was relatively difficult to replicate by the competitors in the market. KLM was the oldest airline in the world and it provided it necessary time to perfect its learning curve in an industry which changed over the period of time. Such long history provides a firm time to acquire the knowledge and learning required to operate in airline industry. Same was the case Air France as it was also able to develop its core competencies and learning curve over the period of time. It is also important to understand that the new firm has also one of the best maintenance and engineering department delivering allied services apart from passengers and cargo. The set of skills possessed by the engineering department of the firm created the further advantage for the new firm to actually utilize its strengths and become more dominating into a new market.( Va ssolo & Anand,2008) Dynamic capabilities of the firm are determined by the ability of the firm as to how it can integrate its various competencies together to achieve the desired results. (Zheng, Zhang, & Du,, 2011).Dynamic capabilities of the firm are different from its functional competencies and therefore require that a firm become able to integrate wide range of competencies in a cohesive framework to achieve the strategic objectives. (Leonard-Barton, 1992. ). The new firm was able to able to integrate its external capabilities by utilizing its formal as well as informal strategic alliances which actually helped to remain one of the competitive players in the transnational airline market also. (Galunic & Rodan,1998). The firm was clearly able to use its links with the American and other global leaders in order to successfully challenge the new firms which started to follow the same merger strategy after the success of Air France and KLM. It is critical to understand that the fir m has been able to develop and protect these core

Restaurant Consulting Firm Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Restaurant Consulting Firm - Assignment Example The next skill-set would be organisation and communication. Since the consulting service deals with interaction, communication skills are extremely important. The ability to talk convincingly and persuasively is very important. In addition to this, the services are mainly towards streamlining restaurants and their operations. Therefore, being extremely organized and proper is important. Today's world operates extensively on computers and the internet. It is therefore, imperative to possess knowledge with regards to computers and using the internet to operate services for further reach. Therefore, in all, critical and creative thinking abilities, excellent communication skills, organizational capacities and being well-acquainted with computer functioning and the internet are the skill-sets that the team must possess. A restaurant consulting firm is a great idea to collaborate the skill-sets mentioned. This is because, the current retail boom and globalization has resulted in the springing up of restaurants everywhere, with international gourmet on the menu. The skill-sets like creative thinking, commu

Looking for Alaska-Character List Essay Example for Free

Looking for Alaska-Character List Essay I dont know where there is, but i blieve its somewhere, and I hope its beautiful. Chip â€Å"The Colonel† Martin- A stocky, somewhat nerdy young man, he has gone to Culver Creek for a very long time. When he is not at school, he lives with his mom in a very small trailer. He is Pudge’s roommate, and he gives Miles the nickname â€Å"Pudge†. He may also have a crush on Alaska, just like Miles does. p. 38 Goddamn Weekday Warriors. It was probably one of them that ratted out Paul and Marya and then blamed me to cover their tracks. Anyways, its a good night for stying in. Staying in with Pudge and ambrosia. Takumi Harihoto- He is the jokester of the group, as well as a great rapper. *SPOILER ALERT* apparently at the end, after Alaska’s death, Takumi was feeling left out because Pudge and Colonel were sort of taking up all the grief for themselves. Takumi confesses to Pudge in the last paragraphs that he saw Alaska the night she died. She was in a rush and was very upset that she forgot her mother’s anniversary, and he tried to calm her down. He feels bad because he could have stopped her but didn’t. p. 105 What is that? Its my fox hat Why do you have a fox hat? Because nobody catches the fox. Alaska Young- the beautiful, witty, rebellious girl whom Pudge immediately falls in love with. Takumi and the Colonel most likely have crushes on her as well, although they are not stated in the novel. When Alaska was a child, her mother had a seizure due to a head aneurism. Alaska did not save her mother so she died. Alaska’s father blamed her for it and she regrets it to the present day in the story. . 42 Youre adorable, she said, and i felt the intensity of her eyes on me and looked away nervously. Too bad I love my boyfriend. Lara Buterskaya- An exchange student, Lara later will become Pudge’s girlfriend, she is good friends with all the rest of the gang. p. 208 And then Lara stood up, and in her delicate, innocent accent cut Dr. William Morse off. Youre so hot! I weesh youd shut up and take off your clo thes. This shows Lara ability to, despite her background, assimilate to the group and do anything for them. She transitions nicely. The Eagle- The dean of Culver Creek, his nickname is the Eagle because he is always watching over then, much like an eagle flies over and scans the ground. He always has to put up with the pranks students pull on campus. p. 141 I saw her, Miles. I talked to the poilce. It was instant. The steering wheel hit her chest. Im so sorry. Ms. Martin- The Colonel’s mother, works at Waffle House, and invites Pudge and Alaska to have Thanksgiving dinner with her and the Colonel at their trail

The huge volume of guidance for leaders

The huge volume of guidance for leaders Essay title: The huge volume of guidance for leaders is a clear indication of the desire of those who can’t lead, to lead. In place of becoming leaders they become obedient followers of the latest ‘leadership’ fashions and fads. There is no direct route for leadership. It requires so many years of hard work, time and lots of communication to high profile person in strategic positions. Leader is a person who finds out the right way for followers in which direction, they can get success. For example, teams in major league cricket matches won more games when players perceived the coach as an effective leader. In India, â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi† leads people together and got independence for country. According to Brigid Carroll and Lester Levy management and leadership can be differentiated by identity, to understand and define leadership, it can be taken as emergent and desirable which is intangible, unknowable and nebulous while management taken as default identity which is specific and pragmatic (Brigid Carroll and Lester Levy, 2008). About fads and fashions of leadership, it is a growing issue. Fashions are not remaining stable how to appear or ways of working that are popular during certain periods while fads are usually understood to be short-lived fashions. There are lots of management fads and fashion after Second World War such as, Acceptable Risk, Assessment Centers, Business Ethics, Centralization, Computerization, Distributed Intelligence, Job Enrichment, Job Sharing, Knowledge Management, Outsourcing, Privatization etc. and they all flourished to a varying extent (Carl V. Rabstejnek). â€Å"Some fads were short-lived and others have stood the test of time â€Å"(Carl V. Rabstejnek, pg. 1). GUIDANCE FOR BEING LEADER The leader leads his people towards the goal. He is the person who can get his people to follow him. He is the one who is looked up to, whose judgment is trusted, and who inspires the people working with him and for him. Good leader should be motivating, inspiring and able to manage people. Leader should be charismatic and being visionary and have ability to acting decisively. There is very complex opinion about leadership either can take it as based on personality and physical traits or based on prescribed behaviors. Leadership can define in terms of power relationship between leaders and followers. As good leaders, they must try to get employees to concentrate around common goal and should have creative vision and strategic plan for an organization. Decisiveness is very important characteristic because every leader has to be taking some difficult decision in job. They have to take decision that shows firmness and leads the team towards the desired goal. Great leader never take step back during the hard situation. They react according to the time and situation. Leader has to be aware about the surroundings, their people’s working style and nature, about their boss, about the company’s desired goal and strategy. So, leader can be preplanned what to do in future and in such type of situation. By understanding the problem and situation, leaders have to take wise decisions that lead team towards the goal. Attitude of leader is also an important factor in team work because it determines the action and affects the people’s working style. Leader has to be optimistic and should be become the source of positive energy that inspires the others. Great leaders are always aware of their people’s thinking, their problems and needs. Leaders have to try to solve their problems which improve the outcome of work. People inspired by this because when they get positive response from leader, they feel satisfaction. This helps to make effective and efficient work environment in which people work together willingly. To make leadership successful, engagement is necessary because by engaging the all team members together helping the team to share their ideas and contributions which lead the team towards the desired goal. Empowerment and collaborations are also needed because by this team members do not feel suppressed and ignored and feel the part of team which leads the team to work together. They will show willingness to work together with positive attitude which take them towards the team’s success. Rewarding is also considering an important factor in leadership because it motivates the team members. When team member has been rewarded for their good work, they feel satisfaction which built the positive response towards the work. Team work output increases with this. Self-assessment is also needed because by this, one can know his weakness and strength points. Leadership skills may be improved by concentrating on the weakness point. Knowing the organizational goals and purpose is also needed to lead the team towards the success. Communication between leader and their team members should be honest and open. Leader has to know the each team member members’ capacity, skill and working style so it will be more effective to distribute the work. Clear vision about goal and how to achieve it is necessary. Leader has to think analytically and leads the team with focused towards the main goal. Trust worthy, passion and dedication with maintaining the high standard are necessary to get success. Leader has to be calm, confident enough and should be enthusiastic about their work with great commitment towards the hard work for desired output. COMPARE AND CONTRAST LEADERS AND FOLLOWER To differentiate leader from follower is difficult; they have several similarities as well as also have some differences. In leadership, one should have to take risk and lead the team; have ability to see opportunity that other cannot see. Both should be able to learn from someone or something. Leaders must be independent and isolated and should not rely on anyone but himself and have to be entrepreneurial and make workplace culture better by working with generous purpose. Good leadership is needed to solve problems and to navigate unexpected circumstances Followers only need to be competent during the battle and must be able to carry out orders by their leader, with their own ability while at other times; they have no need to be that competent. They could ask for help from their friends but in contrast, Leader cannot ask for help from his followers or else his followers would consider him incompetent. Being a follower is easier than being a leader because leader has to be isolated a nd should have ability to solve his own problems. Leadership can be as successful or effective or both. Successful leadership but not effective- In this pattern, leader’s style may not compatible; but follower does the job because of leader’s power and position. They obey the command and follow his idea. Effective leadership- the followers may do the job willingly to cooperate because the leader’s request satisfies the follower’s needs or goal. Successful leadership-it emphasises upon position, power and close supervision. There are lots of different views about leadership, either it is a product of individual that assume one’s behavior, styles, traits or a behavior rational, it may be taken as a socially constructed phenomena elsewhere some thinks that leader as a power holder (Neil Sutherland, Christopher Land and Steffen Bohm, 2013). Leadership position not hold s permanent role in organization ,instead of this, it gives opportunity to others who can take this role and lead in future, Individual leader has a crucial role for formation, growth and success, in certain situation when individual can take more than one active leadership role in organization(Neil Sutherland, Christopher Land and Steffen Bohm, 2013) . GREAT FOLLOWERS As leader, it is very important to know about that how to follow and how to lead. Many people believe that if you want to become a good leader then you must be a good follower. Some characteristic about good follower: Well finisher- Good followers always concentrate on their task and complete their task according to preplanned. Clear vision-they understand their power and position and it is equally important to understand their role as a leader. Loyalty-Good followers always try to avoid telling bad things about their boss/leader in public. It does not means that they are completely agree with their boss/leader but only do not want to do things in public because to influence the public it is needed to become public loyal. Good followers are obedient enough and humble. Awareness of surrounding –Good follower is well aware of surrounding situations and people. They always try to learn about people behavior and their thinking and how they affect in his work and what is going wrong and then make changes according to demands. Own thinking-To becomes a good follower, you are able to think on your own and decide what is right and what is wrong. Good followers always take side to leader and support them when they are doing right. GREAT LEADER AS A GOOD FOLLOWER Many qualities are same between leaders and followers. A great leader follows the same trait as followers do but change their style and do some modification in it. Great leader knows their boundary and limitation very well. Good leadership is the golden key to get best performance. Need to imply your own clear sets of values and belief and also have to make clear vision for all. Develop some creative ideas for the organization to make changes and reach up to desire goal. From this perspective, leaders are always try that people follow the process and in this way leader always think themselves as a follower. There is very important reason to leaders that they have to follow because no one can do it alone and have to create and utilize the energy, ideas and full potential of everyone. Leadership requires a close study of human behavior. It is the people who are the factors of importance. There are many different points of view about leadership. One belief is that leadership has to be taught while some are of the view that leaders can’t be made by teaching or training. In this modern age, new leaders are coming but most of them fail to cultivate their inner strength, ability to guide the people, to lead the people. There are three basic steps which are followed mostly in the process of training. Information is the first step, gets from simple reading and continuous study which then converted into knowledge. Wisdom is the transformation of knowledge. Trained person has to be able to transfer the knowledge into the practice. As a result of training, one should become more self-confident. On receiving training, knowledgeable person becomes capable of taking his own decisions and at this stage; person visualizes the truth-real understanding. There are few requir ements to reach to the truth, in ascending direction that are desire to learn, listening to the teacher, learning, retention, understanding, reflection, rejection of false views and truth. Human relationship gains the most attraction for a leader for the obvious reasons that the leader leads people. For any business, workforce is the basic requirement and for accomplishment leader has to understand people. Common logic reason behind the successful leader is the development of proper appreciation human nature. For this, one should have enough confidence and has to explain to other members about task and targets and how that can be accomplished. Leader should also explain the subordinates about their position and also impact of success or failure on the ultimate goal. If the goal achieved, that is a success of team not a success of leader alone. The leader has to do the required morale boosting apart from handling the work and must to be in touch with his people. It is necessary to show adequate interest in their personal problems. It is better for his people must perceive as their leader becomes the real guardian of their interests. This is necessity to do this as it he lps to maintain respective distance from the people. This concept of distant has been mostly appreciated and understood by successful leader. Thus, taking an overall view, the leader has to be a dynamic person and should have capability to turn the adversity in his favors and to gain this. The leader must have the capacity to concentrate and focus attention on the goal with an aptitude to take timely decisions and have to be sincere in his dealing. He has to show his faithfulness and loyalty towards his mission and the people and should possess a fair knowledge of his job and profession. FADS AND FASHION This broad category can be described as a type of collective behavior that is followed by people for period of time. It follows particular pattern. First is developed and then grows slowly and one time it reaches up to its peak level and remains some time and then gradually decline and disappear. For example: In late 1950s, hula hoop craze occurred in United States. Fads and fashion in management is very confusing and ongoing debate to discuss in recent years because many rhetorical strategies affects them and shape the management and also have long lasting effect, while fashions are developed by the heterogeneous group of actors but doing this, some gaps and weakness may result (Sue Newell, Maxine Robertson and Jacky Swan, 2001). It is important to know the role of fads and fashions in innovations and its diffusion because these two perspectives may benefit organization and helps to evolve efficient innovation by process of adopting and rejecting multiple fads and fashions (Eric Abrahamson, 1991). It may harm the organization by facilitating the inefficient administrative technology and adversely affect the economic performance of organization by doing prompt rejection of administrative technologies like job enrichment, strategic planning units (Eric Abrahamson, 1991). According to Abrahamson, fashion perspective is important because it disseminates new goals as beliefs to the innovations and help to settle down new organizational goals and adoption of innovation (Eric Abrahamson, 1991). Fads and fashion has taken over many leadership positions like managers, board’s members, etc. in organization and they are changing with time (Carl V. Rabstejnek). Fashionable ideas are helpful to filter good thing which can be incorporated into healthy business practices. The bandwagon effect helps to understand why the fads so popular (Carl V. Rabstejnek). In current trade there are lots of things that helping in marketing like newspapers, magazines, journals as a mass media; television, social networking sites like face book, twitter (Carl V. Rabstejnek). Academic journals, business schools, organizations all follows the current trade in market (Carl V. Rabstejnek). CONCLUSION The foregoing discussion shows that training till today is one of the most important function as it is has potential for leading towards the excellence. Human resource development is directly affected by this. Characteristics like honesty, decisiveness, positive attitude, trustworthy, loyalty, clear vision, self-assessment, confidence etc. may be found naturally present in person but can also develop and strengthen it with time and training because these are the foundation of great leadership. To become a great leader they should possesses such characteristic but to become successful, they have to follow latest fashions and fads in market and take decision accordingly. REFERENCES Sue Newell, Maxine Robertson and Jacky Swan, 2001 ‘Management Fads and Fashions’ DOI: 10.1177/135050840181001 Eric Abrahamson, 1991â€Å"Managerial fads and fashions: The diffusion and rejection and innovations Voi. 16, No. 3, 586-612 Carl V. Rabstejnek, â€Å"Management fads and fashions: Leading and Directing Companies by Popular Codified Methods† Neil Sutherland, Christopher Land and Steffen Bohm, 2013 â€Å"Anti-leaders (hip) in Social Movement Organizations: The case of autonomous grassroots groups† DOI: 10.1177/1350508413480254 Brigid Carroll and Lester Levy, 2008 â€Å"Defaulting to Management: Leadership Defined By What It Is Not† Volume 15(1): 75–96

Veracity Problem: A Review of Various PageRanking Algorithms

Veracity Problem: A Review of Various PageRanking Algorithms Abstract Enormous availability of web pages containing information leaves user in confusion of which webpage to trust and which link provides the right information. This paper provides a survey of the most relevant studies carried out in regard of ranking web pages. First, it introduces the problem of â€Å"Veracity† , conformity to truth. It then goes on to list the most common algorithms that have been used to resolve the problem of conformity to truth. Finally, this analysis provides a way to guide future research in this field. Keywords: Trustworthiness, ranking Introduction The world wide web has become the most important information source. Everyone uses WWW for searching any information about any particular thing or keyword. It is very common that the results we obtain provide a lot of useless pages. Different websites generally provide conflicting information about same object. It becomes quite difficult to decide about the correctness of information we get from search engines. In most cases, users believe that the topmost links provided by any search engine provide trustworthy results without regard to exceptions. But there is no surity for the accuracy of information present on the internet. Moreover, various websites generally provide inconsistent and conflicting information for same object, like different specifications for same product. For instance a user is interested in knowing the height of Mount Everest and queries the search engine with â€Å"The height of Mount Everest is?† Among the top results, user will find the following facts: some websites say 29,055 feet, other websites say 29,028 feet, another one says 29,002 feet, and rest say 29,027 feet. It becomes difficult to decide which answer is correct and which fact should user trust?[1] . The question is how to decide the right information and how to decide the trustworthiness of any website. The problem is known as ‘Veracity’. It becomes quite difficult for the user to decide which website to trust for the correctness of information. The resultant pages of any search engine must be ranked according to decreasing level of trustworthiness. To resolve this problem, different algorithms have been developed. The existing algorithm Page Rank which is used by Google, uses link structure of the web page[2]. Another algorithm exists known as Weighted PageRank(WPR) Algorithm. It assigns larger rank values to more popular webpages rather than dividing the rank value of a webpage evenly among its outlink pages[3]. Each outlink page gets a value corresponding to its popularity (count of inlinks and outlinks). Voting is another approach to rank web pages which uses the count of votes from one webpage to another and ranks webpages with respect to the count results. Authority-Hub analysis is also used for ranking webpages. It works on the idea of high authorities and popularity of websites. These approaches identify important web pages as per user’s interest but popularity of webpages does not guarantee accuracy of information. A less popular website may provide more useful and accurate information as compared to more popular websites. All of them use iterative approaches, in which same trustworthiness value is given to all data sources, and iteratively evaluate the confidence of every fact and then propagate back to the data sources. Tagrank, Distancerank, Timerank, Relation based algorithm, Weighted link rank. This paper surveys the most relevant algorithms proposed in this field as solution to the problem of ranking the web pages. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 1 discusses different techniques for ranking web pages. Section 2 presents the analysis and section 3 contains a brief conclusion. Techniques for Ranking Web Pages: 2.1 PageRank: PageRank is a method of measuring a pages â€Å"significance†[2]. PageRank is based on the idea that good pages always reference good pages. PageRank’s theory says that if Page A links to Page B, then that link is counted as one vote for page B. If any link pointing to a page is important then it is counted as a strong vote. If links pointing to a page are important then the outlinks of that page also become important. Fig1 : A and B are backlinks of C In this figure, A and B are backlinks of C and C is the backlink of D and E. Assume A, B, C and D are four webpages. Self links or multiple links from one page to another page, are ignored. Initially same PageRank value is assigned to all pages. Originally in PageRank, the total number of webpages was the sum of PageRank over all pages. However, advanced versions of PageRank use a  probability distribution between 0 and 1. Hence the initial value for each page mentioned above is 0.25. In the next iteration the PageRank is transferred from a given page to its outbound links is equally divided among them. If in the system links were from pagesB,C, andDtoA then each link would transfer probability distribution of 0.25 PageRank toAon next iteration, for a total of 0.75. PR(A) = PR(B)+PR(C)+PR(D) = + + In general case, for any page u the PageRank value can be stated as: L(v) number of outlinks of pagev. Bu set containing all pages that links to pageu. The PageRank value for a pageuis dependent on the PageRank values for each pagevcontained in the setBu, divided by the numberL(v) of outlinks of pagev. 2.2 Weighted Pagerank: WPR algorithm is an extension to the ordinary PageRank algorithm. Limitation of existing algorithms HITS and PageRank is that both algorithms deal all links uniformly when distributing rank scores[3]. WPR considers the significance of both inlinks and outlinks of the webpages and on the basis of popularity of pages, the rank scores are distributed. PageRank algorithm divides the rank values of any page evenly amongst its outlink pages, while WPR assigns higher rank values to more popular webpages. Considering the significance of webpages, the original PageRank equation is modified as [3]: [4] 2.3 Distancerank: Distancerank is an intelligent ranking algorithm proposed by Ali Mohammad Zareh Bidoki and Nasser Yazdani[11]. This algorithm is based on reinforcement learning such that the distance between pages is considered as a punishment factor. The distance is defined as the number of ‘‘average clicks’’ between two pages. The distance dj of page j is computed as : +ÃŽ ±*mini(log(O(i))+di)[11] where i is a member of pages that point to j and O(i) shows out degree of i and a is the learning rate of the user[1]. 2.4 Hyperlink Induced Topic Search (HITS): The HITS algorithm is also known as â€Å"hubs and authorities† is a link analysis algorithm. HITS divides the sites of a query between â€Å"hubs† and â€Å"authorities† for ranking webpages. Links to authorities are contained in hubs, while hubs point to authorities [6]. Hubs Authorities HITS assigns two values to a webpage: a hub weight and an authority weight. These weights are defined recursively. A high authority weight occurs if webpages with high hub weights are pointing it. Similarly, a higher hub weight occurs if the webpage points to large webpages with high authority weights. Thus, itidentifies good authorities and hubs for any query. HITS works on the concept that if the creator of webpage p has a link to webpage q then p has some authority on q[6]. 2.5 TimeRank: Time Rank algorithm proposed by H Jiang et al improves the rank score of web pages by using the visit time of web pages. This algorithm is supposed to be a combination of link structure and content[9]. Pr (T(i)|q) = Pr (T(i)) + Pr (q|T(i)) Ti à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ® means topic i of each page. Pr (T (i)) means the section of pages belonging to topic i in the whole page set. Pr (Ti | q) means the probability of query q related to topic i. 2.6 Web Page Ranking using link attributes: Weighted Links Rank (WLRank) assigns the value R(i), known as Ranking value, to page i with the following equations[12]: Where, given a link from page j to page i we have: L(j; i) 1 if the link exists, 0 otherwise, c a constant that gives a base weight to every link, T(j; i) a value which depends on the tag where the link is put in, AL(j; i) the anchor text length of the link divided by a constant d, and RP(j; i) the relative position of the link in the page weighted by a constant b. Analysis: Different algorithms for ranking webpages have been studied and the analysis is presented in the following table: References: [1] X. Yin, J. Han, and P. S. Yu, â€Å"Truth Discovery with Multiple Conflicting Information Providers on the Web†, IEEE Transactions On Knowledge And Data Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 6, June 2008. [2] C. Ridings and M. Shishigin, â€Å"Pagerank Uncovered†, Technical Report, 2002. [3]Wenpu Xing and Ali Ghorbani, â€Å"Weighted PageRank Algorithm†, In proceedings of the 2rd Annual Conference on Communication Networks Services Research, PP. 305-314, 2004. [4]Wenpu Xing and Ali Ghorbani, â€Å"Weighted PageRank Algorithm†, In proceedings of the 2rd Annual Conference on Communication Networks Services Research, PP. 305-314, 2004. [5] Geeta R. Bharamagoudar , Shashikumar G.Totad and Prasad Reddy PVGD, â€Å" Literature Survey on Web Mining† IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering ,Issue 4 (Sep-Oct. 2012). [6] Jon Kleinberg, â€Å"Authoritative Sources in a Hyperlinked Environment†, In proceedings of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, 1998. [7] Lin-Tao Lv, Li-Ping Chen, Hong-Fang Zhou, An improved topic relevance algorithm for vertical search engines, ICWAPR 08, Hong Kong, pp. 753-757, Aug 2008. [8] H Jiang et al., TIMERANK: A Method of Improving Ranking Scores by Visited Time, In proceedings of the Seventh International  Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Kunming, 12-15 July 2008. [9] S. Chakrabarti, B. Dom, D. Gibson, J. Kleinberg, R. Kumar, P.Raghavan, S. Rajagopalan, A. Tomkins, â€Å"Mining the Link Structure of the World Wide Web†, IEEE Computer Society Press, Vol 32, Issue 8 pp. 60 – 67, 1999. [10] Fabrizio Lamberti, Andrea Sanna and Claudio Demartini , â€Å"A Relation-Based Page Rank Algorithm for. Semantic Web Search Engines†, In IEEE Transaction of KDE, Vol. 21, No. 1, Jan 2009. [11] Ali Mohammad Zareh Bidoki and Nasser Yazdani, â€Å"DistanceRank: An Iintelligent Ranking Algorithm for Web Pages†, Information Processing and Management, 2007. [12] Ricardo Baeza-Yates and Emilio Davis ,Web page ranking using link attributes , In proceedings of the 13th international World Wide Web conference on Alternate track papers posters, PP.328-329, 2004. [13] Milan Vojnovic et al., â€Å"Ranking and Suggesting Popular Items†, In IEEE Transaction of KDE, Vol. 21, No. 8, Aug 2009. [14] Fang Liu, Clement Yu, Weiyi Meng, â€Å"Personalized Web Search for Improving Retrieval Effectiveness†, IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering, 16 (1) January 2004. [15] Gr ´egoire Burel, Amparo E. Cano, Matthew Rowe, and Alfonso Sosa â€Å"Representing, Proving and Sharing Trustworthiness of Web Resources Using Veracity† Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010.

Genetic Engineering: There is No Genetic Definition of Humanity Essay

With advances in genetics and the decryption of the human genome, many people are taking the time to sit back and ponder the questions of what humanity is and where it comes from.1 Will techniques such as gene therapy eventually create people who aren't quite human? If humanity is a flexible and ever-changing concept, then how do people know if they are human? Does some standard measure of humanity seem likely in our future, and is it even ethically proper to impose such a standard? Philosophy offers the most satisfying definition of humanity: a human person is a conscious individual who interacts with an outside world. The details of the various philosophical debates on the exact nature of personhood would be enough to fill a library, but the main ideas can be summarized as follows: a person is self-aware, having the ability to think about thinking. Nothing in this definition of humanity involves matters of genetics or quantitative analyses of specific traits, which makes this definition applicable to people who may not be human in the way science tries to define the term. Defining humanity in a scientific sense, however, is a nettled endeavor. Many "strictly human" traits can be found in animals. Wolves have a complex social structure. Bonobos, a subspecies of chimpanzee, can learn an abstract symbol-language and show the ability to understand grammar and syntax.2 In other experiments dolphins-who are genetically more distant from humans than bonobos-learned a type of sign language showing that they, too, are able to grasp complex rules of language.3 One only has to yell at the family dog to see that animals can express emotion and empathy. What, then, is left to humans? Many point to our advanced technology as proof... ... 1. This paper was originally written for the course, "Human Genetics, Society, and Ethics," held at Washington College, Chestertown, Maryland. 2. Robert A. Baron, Psychology 5th ed. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2000). 3. Baron. 4. N. A. Campbell, J. B. Reece, and L. G. Mitchell, Biology 5th ed., (New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1999). 5. Matt Ridley, Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1999) 24. 6. Ibid. 7. Baron. 8. Ridley, 24. 9. Ibid. 10. Campbell et al., 446. Bibliography Baron, Robert. A. Psychology. 5th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2000. Campbell, N. A., J. B. Reece, and L. G. Mitchell. Biology. 5th ed. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1999. Ridley, Matt. Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1999.

Portrayal of Man in Dostoevskys The Brothers Karamazov Essay example -

Portrayal of Man in The Brothers Karamazov  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Debauchery, dueling, infidelity, orgies, and even monastery life are all used to help Fyodor Dostoevesky define his characters in The Brothers Karamazov. At the beginning of the novel, the reader becomes filled with contempt for a few members of the Karamazov family, yet filled with admiration for others. The legitimate members of the Karamasov family each represent a separate aspect of human character, which is applicable to society. In some ways the characters resemble separate factions and cliques of society that most often argue, but together can be productive. This is shown not by direct implication, but rather the reader discovers the fact on their own by becoming infuriated at the stupidity of the Karamazov men. This anger leads to the realization that in many ways, they themselves are in some ways similar to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fyodor Pavlovich Karamasov is the patriarch of the family. A shrewd businessman, Fyodor is very self-centered and cares more for himself than anyone else. He is a brilliant man for making deals and increasing his wealth, but manages to be oblivious of manners and societal rules. A tendency to act is an enormous fault in him, and he leaves an impression of having no deeply personal feelings, only overzealous acting to fit his "role" at any given time. When Fyodor's first wife dies Dostoevesky explains, "What seemed to gratify and flatter him most was to play the ridiculous part of the injured husband and to parade his woes with embellishments"(4). Because he has little, if any personal feelings, this enables him be indifferent towards others' emotions. Happiness is the only cause worth pursuing to Fyodor, and he will cross anyone to achieve it. Wh... ...e in their own ways. When searching for separate goals, and conflicting with each other, they can accomplish very little. The more inner-conflict within the family, the more problems they seem to find themselves in. These men, representing different aspects of society and humankind, have problems that they cannot solve on their own. If the Karamazov's were to work together towards a common goal, much could become accomplished, just as society could solve many conflicts through teamwork and cooperation. The characters in the novel The Brothers Karamazov show the reader that most societal conflicts are unnecessary and could easily be remedied through understanding and patience. WORKS CITED Dostoevesky, Fyodor Mikhailovich. The Brothers Karamazov. The Constance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Garnett Translation revised by Ralph E. Matlaw. New York: W. W. Norton   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  & Company Inc., 1976

Consolidation in Banking Essay

1.Introduction In our daily life , we can receive banking service from banks and branches whose headquarters may from different city, region or nation . This is because banking consolidation has improved banking expansion in the past decades. It is a fact that many banks regard consolidation as a strategy for their growth and development in new market . Consolidation usually consist of mergers and acquisitions. The former one means two independent companies combine as a new one ,the latter one means a bank has a controlling interest in other firms but they still remain independently. (Heffernan, 2005 ) The following part of the article will be divided in third parts. The first part will focus the reasons , trends and effects of consolidation in banking industry. The second part is mainly about the benefits and disadvantages of consolidations for the industry and society. The last part is evaluation about challenges consolidation bring to the regulators. 2.Consolidation in Banking Sector 2.1. Reasons for Consolidation in the Financial Sector There are lots of issues concerning about banking consolidation. The basic one is the motivation. Why banks want to mergers and acquisitions? DeYoung, Evanoff and Molyneux think the primary reason for banking consolidation is financial and technological innovations in the industry ( DeYoung, Evanoff and Molyneux,2009) . This is concerned to be a significant factor because after a wave of new technology, the structure in the industry will change since all banks make changes to fit to innovations. Thus many small banks struggle to survive or go bankruptcy after innovations, finally they decide to consolidation to get better development. To the larger banks, they are stronger in competition, they are willing to consolidate with those smaller banks to be more competitive in the market . However, Researches show that technologies spread to small banks rapidly because of third-party technology vendors and decreasing costing of technology delivery in recent years. (Frame and White ,2004; cited in DeYoung ,2007 ). Therefore this cannot be regard as an significant reason now. Some researchers argue that the better explanation for banking consolidation is the relationship paradigm between market power and profitability (market-power theory). (Shepherd ,1982 and Berger ,1995. Cited in Santillà ¡n-Salgado ,2005 ). They address that in banking industry, â€Å" firms with large market shares can reach the minimum economic scale of operations to develop a differentiated base of products which can be priced at a premium to obtain extraordinary profits(efficiency-structure hypothesis).† ( Santillà ¡n-Salgado ,2005, p85).Due to this reason, in order to earn more profits , banks want to increase market shares. Mergers and acquisitions are the most important way for corporate restructuring and enlarge corporate scale in new markets.

Income, Poverty, and Health Care Essay

The objective for this paper is to explain what I have learned from our class discussion and our readings of Chapter 30 of our text, Economics Today. It will show my personal understanding of this week’s objectives through explaining what I have learned by analyzing the impacts of government regulation of the economy, including the rationalization for and history of regulation, degrees of success, and future consequences if regulation does or does not occur while applying economic concepts to explain income distribution, and its connection lifestyle choices and opportunities. In this week’s assignment, to relate them to my life experiences, I have selected two articles relating to this topic, Income, Poverty, and Health Care, and I will be explaining why we are to review what has been happening lately, and why it is happening? The first article that I have chosen relates to the same topic as our class discussion, healthcare. I chose this because it is highly relatable to not just a small group of individuals, but every American citizen in the United States. Obamacare, or Affordable Care Act, will take effect on October 1, 2013, and it is viewed as â€Å"when poor and middle-class Americans will begin signing up for the health care law’s new benefits. † (Young, J. (1-19-13)) To make sure that everyone signs up for this new healthcare program, they have created â€Å"Enroll America, an umbrella organization of nonprofits and health care industry organizations, that will carry out a major national public education campaign with paid advertising, online outreach, community activities and coordination. (Young, J. (1-19-13)) The major problem that most will have a hard time swallowing is the fines that you will receive, either as an individual, or as an employer. Government Health Insurance Mandates – If an individual does not have insurance they will be required to pay a fine of up to â€Å"$750 per year or up to $2,250 per year for a family that is uninsured. Firms with more than 50 employees will receive a fine of $750 for every employee that obtains federal subsidies for coverage. † (Graham, J. & Kaye, D. (2006) Pg. 79) One issue that most people would not even think about concerning the new healthcare laws is that it is going to affect out budgets a great deal more than we first thought. I know that I was shocked to learn that our family pets’ routine visits to the veterinarian office will also come with a higher price tag due to the new healthcare law. While they said this is unintended, the fact that â€Å"medical equipment and supplies will be going up in cost, that extra expense will have to passed on to the customers. (CBSMiami (3-11-13)) Most would wonder how this would affect their office visit for their furry family members. Well, â€Å"it’s part of a new 2. 3-percent federal excise tax on certain medical devices that just went into effect. The tax will help fund the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, intended for people, not pets. † (CBSMiami (3-11-13)) We know that the manufacturers will have to pay this tax, which will in turn cause their costs to produce these products, to rise. They will have no choice but to have to transfer these costs onto the consumers. This affects our vet visits because some of the products that were meant for humans also are used in our vet’s office, such as â€Å"IV pumps, sterile scalpels and anesthesia equipment. † (CBSMiami (3-11-13)) This week’s topic relates to one that I had discussed not too long ago in my Macroeconomics class. Since we are to be charged an additional tax to cover this new law in healthcare, I thought it would be appropriate to bring up the following information. The hoped for results of taxation and government spending as implied by the fiscal policy, is to help keep our economy out of a recession, or even worse, a depression. Depending on how fiscal policy is used in different situations, it will affect different people, and is not always helpful to the whole economy. The economy needs to be closely monitored and adjusted on a constant basis based on what is currently, or what is expected in the future of the economy. In times of high inflation, the government will increase the taxation rate to help build up the economy and keep the inflation rate down. Fiscal policy has the right to increase or decrease government spending which can raise or lower the overall economy monies in circulation. With this being said, it makes it clearer as to why we are taxed higher as the government increases its public spending. It may not seem understandable to the general population because most are not in agreeance with this new healthcare law. Many believe the increase in taxes will not cover the costs that are going to be associated with the healthcare mandate, which will in turn cause the federal and individual states to also raise their taxes or reduce their healthcare costs in order to balance out the increased funding needed to support these new laws. (Graham, J. Kaye, D. (2006) Pg. 681) I must say that after digging deeper into this subject, I am more appalled at the fact that this new â€Å"healthcare reform act† may potentially damage our society instead of help it. In the current state of our economy, which is shaky to say the least, does our government really think this will help us? I for one am not too sure. I do not want to get slapped with a fine because I choose not to purchase healthcare, but taking on an extra payment, when our pocketbooks are already stretched past their limits, is just as equally disconcerting.

Greasy Lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle Essay

In the short story essay Greasy Lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle, a literary devise applied is setting. The three different types of setting are physical, historical and geographic. He employs them threw out the essay giving us detailed information on what is going on. Boyle describes the lake as to be a place where some rather not go anymore do to its physical condition. The lake is physically described as â€Å"fetid and murky, the mud banks glittering with broken glass and strewn with beer cans and the charred remains of bonfires† pg 77. The narrator continues to describe the lake with such a horrid atmosphere when he and his friends arrive. Describing all things that come about in a place like that â€Å"the bad breath of decay all around me† pg 80, signifying that the Greasy Lake was not a place to be. In the Greasy Lake, the lake was once described by the narrator as a place that at one time would be described as Wakan. Wakan is the term the narrator tells us the Indians had used to describe the lake. The narrator tells us that the Indians used the term to describe â€Å"the clarity of its waters† pg 77. The now noticeable change of the water from what the Indians considered as â€Å"Wakan† to being â€Å"fetid and murky† shows the significant change in the way society had felt to keep the lake. The dramatic turn is implied when the lake is described to be a place of where I stated above that of â€Å"breath of decay.† Also showing a change in society the narrator focuses on the use of drugs, violence, alcohol, and rape as to be reasons why the lake is the way it is.